細(xì)菌
大腸桿菌
沙門(mén)氏菌
豬痢疾密螺旋體
魏氏梭菌C型
霉菌
營(yíng)養(yǎng)和管理作者: kaisal 時(shí)間: 2010-1-31 11:35
仔豬腹瀉是一種復(fù)雜的疾病群，是集約化養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)條件下的一種典型的多因素性疾病。營(yíng)養(yǎng)和免疫也有一定影響，但不是全部??！
營(yíng)養(yǎng)性下痢如消化不良（仔豬蛋白過(guò)高20%～22%）、抗消化因子（豆粕沒(méi)有熟化、生黃豆等，有抗胰蛋白酶和植物白凝素），產(chǎn)后缺乳、過(guò)飽、過(guò)饑、貧血（缺鐵、缺硒）、粗纖維過(guò)多，胃酸不足、胃酶低下，“病從口入”。
病毒性下痢如輪狀病毒、冠狀病毒、豬瘟病毒、呼腸孤病毒、腺病毒、杯狀病毒、星狀病毒、圓環(huán)病毒等十幾種。其中以傳染性胃腸炎（TGEV）、流行性腹瀉（PEDV）和輪狀病毒（RV）三種危害最為嚴(yán)重。
細(xì)菌性下痢如大腸桿菌、沙門(mén)氏菌、魏氏梭菌、金色葡萄球菌、密螺旋體（豬痢疾）。
寄生蟲(chóng)性下痢有等胞球蟲(chóng)、結(jié)腸小袋纖毛蟲(chóng)、鞭蟲(chóng)、蛔蟲(chóng)、姜片蟲(chóng)、巨吻棘頭蟲(chóng)等。
霉菌性下痢主要是黃曲霉、棕曲霉、桔青霉、鐮刀霉和T2毒素。
其他如飼料過(guò)硬，有泥沙、冰塊、腐敗、變質(zhì)、酸度大，氣溫時(shí)冷時(shí)熱，賊風(fēng)侵襲，受寒感冒，環(huán)境潮濕，管理粗放，飲用污水，母豬有乳房炎、吮乳不潔均可造成下痢。作者: kaisal 時(shí)間: 2010-1-31 11:40
Copy 一篇最新的英文資料請(qǐng)參考。
Practitioner’s approach to neonatal diarrhea
William L. Hollis, DVM
Carthage Veterinary Service, Ltd.
2009 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference
Introduction
When challenged with an outbreak of diarrhea in the farrowing house, your best approach as a veterinary practitioner is to collect multiple samples and initiate therapy at the same time. When on-farm to investigate an outbreak of scours my approach includes diagnostics, the initiation of treatment, and a review of on-farm prevention programs. It is very common that I will break these three apart and review them over the course of the coming 710 days, but most critical is the need to initiate therapy to prevent losses and further evaluate the risks of the worst case scenarios.
Diagnostics
Diagnostics begin with evaluation of the age of piglets at the onset of diarrhea. Early bacterial infections of E. coli and Clostridium create watery diarrhea within the first few days of life. Reports have noted scouring piglets within that first 24 hours when piglets are not receiving appropriate colostrum and sanitation levels have suffered. The age of the piglet is critical because two other common causes of diarrhea in the piglet require additional time to create the disease symptoms.
Namely coccidia and rotavirus are common in many production systems today, but rotavirus takes at least five days to initiate destruction of the villi and create diarrhea and coccidia even further with a 5-9 day infectious period in the cells, but a 7-10 day presence of scours.
Once new information is collected about the age of piglets,
then the appearance of the scouring material itself is important. Watery diarrhea the first two or three days will cause the entire litter to be covered with the watery material. These piglets may look the same if rotavirus is present, but rotavirus will initiate later and can at some point create vomiting in piglets as the virus moves quickly and the destruction of intestinal tissue creates nausea and malaise throughout the body system.
Most important to the long-term picture is complete diagnostic
work-up with the collection of fresh fecal samples from piglets that have just begun to scour as well as tissue samples of multiple segments of small and large intestines. It is critical to collect fecal’s from piglets that are early in the infection as both coccidia and rotavirus can be quite clearing of the infectious organism after the scours have been present for a couple of days. Early infectious piglets within the first day of diarrhea and piglets that have not yet been treated with antibiotics are going to be your best candidate for your selection for diagnostic sampling. Many farm staff can even collect this material quickly, but it is important that the rapid transit on ice be achieved as Clostridium A and Clostridium difficile may be competitively
overgrown by other non-specific Clostridium. Your ability to identify the appropriate diagnostic sample is challenging at best.
Treatments
Immediate treatments include antibiotic standard operating
procedures as I have outlined with a Sample Baby Pig Treatment Chart (See Table 1). These treatments at least initiate therapy to reduce losses, but in the event of chronic diarrhea’s that do not resolve or lead to more severe outbreaks of multiple litters, a combination of both a treatment program as well as prevention is critical.
Antibiotic treatments are commonly initiated with an aminoglycoside such as Gentamicin as an injectable in the case of E. coli or Spectinomycin oral in the case of Clostridium’s. In my hands, many of these antibiotic treatments
are secondary to a good solid prevention program and may be a crutch in those cases where we have been ineffective in establishing appropriate colostrum uptake and immune prevention of disease. Nonetheless, these treatments are common in most farrowing houses and need to be on the shelf and initiated in the event we have litters that are wet and scouring. The faster we get on these treatments and quickly initiate follow-up for these litters, the less likely they will spread.作者: kaisal 時(shí)間: 2010-1-31 11:43
I reviewed this proceedings paper with two of my colleagues at Carthage Veterinary Service, Ltd. Dr. Lowe has an exciting
and challenging perspective on baby pig treatments. The injectable therapies may actually make Clostridium diarrhea worse in those herds that are chronic Clostridium A herds. He has gone so far as to rely more heavily on drying
powders and elevated room temperatures. In fact, evenstopping washing and sanitizing farrowing crates for two full turns of the farrowing house in order to spend time and energy focusing on Day 1 care and colostrum uptake of piglets. Drying powders are used to keep the piglets from chilling, keep the farrowing crates dry, and then individual injections are only given when whole litters are continuing to scour.
Dr. Groth had a similar experience with Clostridium A whereby if it is straight Clostridium A with no other rotavirus or E. coli he will stop all individual treatments, and focus on whole litter swaps followed by the initiation of feedback. When the decision is made to feedback, it is also important to remember this must be done prior to two weeks pre-farrow to initiate immune prevention and not create a more severe diarrhea problem.
Three veterinarians can agree on the fact that the management
procedures are most critical in long-term prevention of neonatal diarrhea. We agree that whole litter swaps are effective and that individual movement of piglets or a great deal of piglet handling and transmission of scouring litters can lead to outbreaks that are management driven.
Increasing room temperature in order to dry the rooms and focusing your farm staffs attention on Day 1 care with split-suckle boxes and colostrum management is the most critical.
Prevention
Long-term prevention includes both the focus on gilt development for these females into your breeding herd with appropriate feedback of fecal material from scouring piglets as well as vaccination programs during the gestation
period. Two vaccinations with an E. coli product and Clostridium if present in your herd will be critical long-term. Several clients have enjoyed success with rotavirus vaccination as part of the gilt development program. However, scientists remind us that the best rotavirus protection is only achieved through oral exposure to the rotavirus organism. This can be accomplished with the live oral vaccination or through the collection of feedback material and timely exposure to both gilts and sows in the event of rotavirus activity in farrowing.
Sanitation is also critical where we are allowing exposure through no washing, but using drying powder to occur in chronic cases, or going to the opposite and allowing farm staff the time necessary to completely sanitize the farrowing
house and follow-up with drying time for individual farrowing crates. This is quite costly in the wintertime when we are trying to dry an empty farrowing room, but also critical in the summer when we are challenged with coccidia and know that humidity and challenging environments
are going to lead to an explosion of this organism within many of our systems.
In final summary, a thorough review of the sanitation and disinfection, an implementation of immunity evaluation of vaccination protocols, as well as the need for intervention
with treatments and management in the farrowing house will lead to a long-term sustainable environment for the piglets and improved piglet survivability in the farrowing house.