另外,電影作為一種多媒體輸入源可以為大家提供直觀、地道、鮮活的視聽環(huán)境,尤為推薦。同學(xué)們總也抱怨口語表達(dá)不夠地道,和老外切磋的機(jī)會太少。殊不知一張DVD就能為你提供純正語言環(huán)境的熏陶。所以,就如邱政政老師所言“Learning English movies and American sitcoms is learning authentic English.”。
聽說特訓(xùn)的課堂上,我常設(shè)計(jì)“喜歡城市”的場景模塊練習(xí)。同學(xué)們最經(jīng)常說的便是“Shanghai is my hometown. I have been living here for many years. It’s a very beautiful city.”如此的用句確為大白話,但語言太欠生動性。其實(shí),很多歐美電影中都出現(xiàn)過描述喜愛城市的場景,同學(xué)們只要注意積累,并在模仿的基礎(chǔ)上加以背誦,便可淋漓盡致地表達(dá)出對城市的喜愛之情。下面我以兩個(gè)片段為例,給大家做簡要解釋:
Andy: So do you… do you know where we’re going? Cause I’m lost.
Christian Thompson: Yeah. Don’t worry. I know this city like the back of my hand.
[1] It’s my favorite place in the whole world. You know, Gertrude Stein once said,“ America is my country, and Paris is my hometown.”[2]
[1] 談及“熟悉城市”, 男作家Christian
Thompson磁性嗓音下帶出的“我了解這座城市就如自己的手背”,讓似醉非醉的Andy隨即在空中畫出個(gè)爛熳的圈。劃線句用詞極具說服力,男士的大氣與安全感一展無疑。相比之下,同學(xué)們常說的“I know this city very much.”或“I am so familiar with this city.”就顯遜色。
熱門美劇《Gossip Girl》(“八卦天后”)中,Serena在街頭與Dan相遇,興奮地說道:“This is what I
love about this city. You are always bumping into people.”(這就是我喜歡這座城市的理由,你總是可以遇見熟人。)句子中加入了人物感情元素,非常應(yīng)景。
一方面,老外的邏輯思維遵照"Time is the money."的理念傾向于直奔主題、簡明扼要。"先主后次,先亮觀點(diǎn)再行論證,先出結(jié)果后述原因"的原則應(yīng)被積極貫徹于我們的口語中,切勿以"猶抱琵琶半遮面"的羞怯、"欲說還休、欲言又止" 的含蓄對待老外,如此只會增加交流的屏蔽性。
Taboo and Euphemism在日常交流中來不得絲毫褻瀆。譬如:Age、money、marital status、political tendency(年齡、收入、婚姻狀況、政治傾向)在西方文化中都屬純粹的個(gè)人隱私,決不可觸及。
委婉語是英語國家中普遍的語言現(xiàn)象。它不僅是社會語言現(xiàn)象,更是一種文化現(xiàn)象,在Cross-cultural
Communication(跨文化交際)中起到了“潤滑劑”作用。euphemism(委婉語)一詞源自希臘語,詞頭“eu”意即“good”(好),詞干“phemism”意即“speech”(言語),通常指用善意、悅耳的詞語取代冒昧唐突的言詞,以玲瓏的談吐表達(dá)語言,以使人們的話語在交際中更委婉、含蓄。Euphemism is the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression_r_r for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt. (Websters Dictionary) 美國著名作家門肯(H.L.Mencken)稱委婉語為gilded words(鍍金詞),而斯蒂芬•坎費(fèi)爾(Stefan Kanfer)稱它為cosmetic words(化妝詞),實(shí)見委婉語不可低估的語用功能。
特別地,媒體用語格外講究委婉語的使用。每每觸及敏感概念,委婉語總能“化干戈為玉帛”。In the realm of news media propaganda, they are used to deliberately cloud an issue or to misdirect attention. Most euphemisms are used to make a concept less offensive and more acceptable.如:
Choice: pro-abortion 墮胎
Contributions: tax increase (Clinton actually used this, and the news media parroted it.) 稅收增加
redirected flight: hijack 劫機(jī)
Low-income family: poor people 窮人
homemaker / domestic engineer: housewife 家庭主婦
Custodian engineer: floor sweeper 清潔工
Physically challenged: handicapped 殘疾人士
Vertically challenged: short 身高矮
(冒號前為委婉語)
同時(shí),隨著語言的發(fā)展,委婉語也在不斷變化,《New York Times》(紐約時(shí)報(bào))列出的年度十大委婉語,你都認(rèn)識嗎?
Sufferer from fictitious disorder syndrome: Liar 說謊
Sub-optimal: Failed 失敗
Temporarily displaced inventory: Stolen goods 贓
Negative gain in test scores: Lower test scores 低考分